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100 μF and 0.1 μF capacitors between the positive and negative power rails to decouple the power supply.

A 470 pF capacitor between the positive input signal and ground, which filters radio interference picked up by the audio input wires.

Several things in this circuit make it sound better: If you don’t have a particular value, try substituting something close and it will probably work. Note: Most of the component values in this circuit aren’t critical. Now that you’ve seen the bare minimum of what it takes to make an audio amplifier with the LM386, lets build a higher fidelity version with an adjustable gain control. We’ll fix that in the next circuit by adding decoupling capacitors and a couple RC filters. Connecting it like this should sound better than the first circuit, but you”ll probably still notice some noise, static and popping. This will reduce the distance the input ground flows through the output ground. For example, you can connect the grounds for the power supply, input, and output directly to the ground pin (pin 4) of the LM386 like this: Make it a goal to keep the input ground separate from other ground paths as much as possible. The audio input ground is sensitive to any interference and any noise picked up will get amplified through the amplifier. The output ground is “noisy” and will cause distortion in the input signal if it’s wired this way. In the wiring diagram above, the audio input ground flows through the same path as the audio output ground.

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Here’s how to wire it if you’re using a breadboard:

That way you can compare it to the better sounding one we’ll build later on. Now that we have a little background information on the LM386, let’s start by building a bare bones LM386 amplifier with the minimum amount of components needed to make it work.

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The gain can be changed to any value between 20 and 200 by placing a resistor (or potentiometer) in series with the capacitor. With the 10 μF capacitor, the gain will be set to 200. Without a capacitor between pins 1 and 8, the gain will be set to 20. Gain control can be achieved by connecting a 10 μF capacitor between pins 1 and 8. If your gain is set to 200, the range of volume is 0 to 200. For example, if your gain is set to 20, the range of volume is 0 to 20. Gain sets the range of possible volume levels.

Volume lets you adjust the sound level within the range of amplification set by the gain. So what’s the difference then? Gain is the amplification of the input potential and is a characteristic of the amplifier. That amplification is what’s known as the voltage gain.Īfter you build this amp and play with the volume and gain controls, you’ll notice that both appear to raise or lower the intensity of sound coming out of the speaker. In an amplifier circuit, the LM386 takes an audio input signal and increases its potential anywhere from 20 to 200 times. They take an input potential (voltage) and produce an output potential that’s tens, hundreds, or thousands of times the magnitude of the input potential.

Operational amplifiers have a basic task. The LM386 is a type of operational amplifier (Op-Amp). The pinout is shown in the diagram below:ĭownload the datasheet for more information about the output power, distortion characteristics, and minimum/maximum ratings: I used a 9V battery for the power supply and it works great, but you can go down to 4V or up to 12V. The datasheet has graphs that will tell you. The actual output power you get will depend on your supply voltage and speaker impedance. There are three varieties of the LM386, each with different output power ratings: The chip has options for gain control and bass boost, and it can also be turned into an oscillator capable of outputting sine waves or square waves. Only a couple resistors and capacitors are needed to make a working audio amplifier.

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BONUS: Download my parts list for the LM386 amplifier with bass boost circuit to see which components to use for good sound quality.